One way the Edo record and remember their history is through carvings on elephant tusks. Each central image on the outward curve of this tusk represents a major personality in Benin history, an aspect of ceremonial life or an important lesson. The images that form a band around each central figure provide clues to his or her identity.

Once a figure has been identified, interpreters may tell a number of stories about that person. However, the Edo are fond of double meanings and multiple interpretations. Sometimes a single figure can represent different people. The more listeners know about Edo history and symbolism, the more meaningful and detailed the stories become.

Just as we rewrite our books to reflect changing views of history and to direct information to different levels of readers, the Edo interpret and reinterpret tusk designs according to their audience.

Begin at the bottom and read your way up.

The most important figures are carved on the outside curve. They may appear to be worn and weathered because the Edo cleaned the tusk with lemon juice to keep it blazing white. The surrounding carvings offer clues to the identity of the central figure on each band.

The menu options to your left will allow you to explore some of the stories told about the images on this tusk. But remember: many other stories and interpretations apply to these images.

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Map courtesy of Office of the Director of Central Intelligence.

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