Guana Island Marine Invertebrates
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Incomplete Listing

Caribbean Echinoderm References

References of major importance are highlighted in red.

Agassiz, Alexander. 1869. Preliminary report on the Echini and starfishes dredged in deep water between Florida and Cuba Reefs, by L. H. de Pourtales. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 1, no. 9: 253-308.

Aronson, Richard B., and Craig A. Harms. 1985. Ophiuroids in a Bahamian saltwater lake: the ecology of a Paleozoic-like community. Ecology 66, no. 5: 1472-83.

Bakus, Gerald J. 1973. Chapter 10. The biology and ecology of tropical holothurians. IN: Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs. eds. O. A. Jones, and Robert Endean, 325-67. New York, New York: Academic Press.

Bell, S. S., and J. B. McClintock. 1982. Invertebrates associated with echinoderms from the west coast of Florida with special reference to harpacticoid copepods. IN: Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed John M. Lawrence, 229-34Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.

Biggar, Ruth Ball. 1932. Studies on ciliates from Bermuda sea urchins. Journal of Parasitology 18, no. 4: 252-57.

Boone, Lee. 1928. Scientific results of the First Oceanographic Expedition of the 'Pawnee', 1925. Echinodermata from tropical east American seas. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 1, no. 4: 1-22.

Brito, Ignacio Machado. 1960. Clypeastroides do Rio de Janeiro. Avulso De Centro De Estudos Zoológicos, Universidade Do Brasil Faculdade Nacional De Filosofia, no. 3: 1-10.

———. 1960. Os Equinoides regulares do litoral do Rio de Janeiro. Avulsos Do Centro De Estudos Zoológicos, Universidade Do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional De Filosofia, no. 4: 1-8.

Brooks, Matilda M. 1954. The effects of changes of redox potential on the growth of marine eggs, Paracentrotus lividus. Vie Et Milieu 5, no. 2: 296-97.

Campbell, David B., and Richard L. Turner. 1984. Echinaster graminicola , a new species of spinulosid sea star (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the west coast of Florida. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 97, no. 1: 167-78.

Carpenter, P. Herbert. 1881. Reports...dredging...in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the East Coast of the United States...'Blake'...XVI. Preliminary report on the Comatulae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 9, no. 4: 1-19.

———. 1882. Reports...dredging,...in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea... 'Blake'...XVIII. - The stalked crinoids of the Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 10, no. 4: 165-81.

Chesher, Richard H. 1969. Contributions to the biology of Meoma ventricosa (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Bulletin of Marine Science 19, no. 1: 72-110.

———. 1970. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 68. Evolution in the genus Meoma (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) and a description of a new species from Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 3: 731-61.

———. 1972. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 86. A new Paraster (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) from the Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 22, no. 1: 10-25.

Clark, Austin H. 1908. New stalked crinoids from the eastern coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 34, no. 1607: 205-8.

———. 1917. Four new echinoderms from the West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30: 63-70.

———. 1934. A new genus of brittlestars from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 13: 1-3.

———. 1934. A new starfish from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 14: 1-3.

———. 1936. Four new brittlestars from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 24: 1-8.

———. 1938. A new genus of starfishes from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 29: 1-7.

———. 1939. Echinoderms of the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937, with other West Indian records. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3056: 441-56.

———. 1940. The family Antedonidae in the West Tropical Atlantic. Memorias De La Sociedad Cubana De Historia Natural 14, no. 2: 139-60.

———. 1954. Echinoderms (other than Holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 55, no. 89: 373-79.

Clark, Hubert L. 1901. The Echinoderms of Porto Rico. U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1900 1900, no. 2: 231-63.

———. 1907. The apodous holothurians: a monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae (including a report on the representatives of these families in the collections of the United States National Museum). Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 35, no. 1723: 1-231.

———. 1907. The Cidaridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 51, no. 7: 165-230.

———. 1910. A new ophiuran from the West Indies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37, no. 1724: 665-66.

———. 1911. The genera of recent clypeastroids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Series 8 7: 593-605.

———. 1915. Catalogue of recent ophiurans: based on the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 25, no. 4: 165-376.

———. 1939. Two new ophiurans from the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3054: 415-18.

———. 1942. The echinoderm fauna of Bermuda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 89, no. 8: 367-91.

Crozier, William J. 1917. Occurrence of a holothurian new to the fauna of Bermuda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 19, no. 113: 405-6.

Deichmann, Elisabeth. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 71, no. 3: 43-226.

———. 1936. Notes on Pennatulacea and Holothurioidea collected by the First and Second Bingham Oceanographic Expeditions 1925-1926. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 5, no. 3: 1-11.

———. 1954. The holothurians of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 55, no. 89: 381-410.

Downey, Maureen E. 1970. Drachmaster bullisi new genus and species of Ophidiasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with a key to the Caribbean species of the family. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83, no. 6: 77-82.

———. 1973. Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 126: 1-158.

———. 1986. Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of a new genus and Family. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 435: 1-57.

Engel, H. 1933. Resultats Scientifiques du Voyage aux Indies Orientales Neerlandaises de LL.AA.RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Holothuries. Memoires Du Musée Royal D'Histoire Naturelle De Belgique, Hors Serie 3, no. 13: 1-42.

Flores, Celestino, and Aida Martinez de Rodriguez. 1970. Status de la familia Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Phanerozonia) en la region oriental de Venezuela. Boletin Del Instituto Oceanografico De La Universidad De Oriente 9, no. 1/2: 3-8.

Guthrie, Mary J., and Hope Hibbard. 1919. Cleavage and mesenchyme formation in Toxopneustes variegatus. Biological Bulletin 37, no. 3: 139-56.

Halpern, Jerald A. 1970. Biological investigations of the deep sea. 51. Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the Straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 1: 193-286.

———. 1970. Growth rate of the tropical sea star Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 3: 626-33.

Hendler, Gordon. 1979. Reproductive periodicity of ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Panamá. IN: Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates. (ed.) Stephen E. Stancyk, 145-56. Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.: University of South Carolina Press.

———. 1979. Sex-reversal and viviparity in Ophiolepis kieri, n. sp., with notes on viviparous brittlestars from the Caribbean (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92, no. 4: 783-95.

———. 1991. Stars of the Florida Keys. Terra 30, no. 2: 26-33.

Hendler, Gordon, and David L. Meyer. 182. Ophiuroids flagrante delicto and notes on the spawning behavior of other echinoderms in their natural habitat. Bulletin of Marine Science 32, no. 2: 600-607.

Hendler, Gordon, John E. Miller, David L. Pawson, and Porter M. Kier. 1995. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies - Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Washington D. C. 390pp.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Hendler, Gordon, and Paul A. Tyler. 1986. The reproductive cycle of Ophioderma brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Marine Ecology 7, no. 2: 115-22.

Hess, Steven C. 1978. Guide to the commoner shallow-water asteroids (Starfish) of Florida, The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Region. ed. Gilbert Voss. Sea Grant Field Guide Series , 7. Miami, Florida: University of Miami Sea Grant Program.

Hotchkiss, Frederick H. C. 1982. Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. IN: The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I: Structure and communities. (eds.) Klaus Rützler, and Ian G. Macintyre, 387-412. 539pp. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Hughes, Roger N., and Helen P. I. Hughes. 1971. A study of the gastropod Cassis tuberosa (L.) preying upon sea urchins. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 7: 305-14.

Iliffe, Thomas M., and John S. Pearse. 1982. Annual and lunar reproductive rhythms of the sea urchin, Diadema antillarum (Philippi) in Bermuda. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction 5: 139-48.

Jackson, Robert T. 1919. Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Bulletin Of the United States National Museum 103, no. 5: 103-16.

Kier, Porter M. 1966. Bredin-Archibold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica. 1. The echinoids of Dominica. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 121, no. 3577: 1-10.

———. 1975. The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 206: 1-45.

Koehler, René. 1914. A contribution to the study of ophiurans of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, no. 84: 1-173.

Lawrence, John M. 1970. The effect of starvation on the lipid and carbohydrate levels of the gut of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). Pacific Science 24, no. 4: 487-89.

———. 1972. Carbohydrate and lipid levels in the intestine of Holothuria atra (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea). Pacific Science 26, no. 1: 114-16.

Lawrence, John M., and L. Hughes-Games. 1972. The diurnal rhythm of feeding and passage of food through the gut of Diadema setosum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Israel Journal of Zoology 21, no. 1: 13-16.

Lewis, John B. 1966. Growth and breeding in the tropical echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi. Bulletin of Marine Science 16, no. 1: 151-58.

Liddell, W. David. 1982. Suspension feeding by Caribbean comatulid crinoids. IN: Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed John M. Lawrence, 33-39Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.

Liddell, W. David, and Sharon L. Lohlhorst. 1982. Morphological and electrophoretic analyses of Caribbean comatulid crinoid populations. IN: Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed John M. Lawrence, 173-82Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.

Lyman, Theodore. 1869. Preliminary report on the Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U.S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 1, no. 10: 309-54.

MacDonald, Roderick. 1936. A study of symmetry in the Centrechinoidea, based on behavior, with special reference to Lytechinus variegatus; including a short discussion of linguistic difficulties in describing biological phenomena. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 76, no. 1: 87-123.

Macurda Jr., D. Bradford. 1982. Shallow-water Crinoidea (Echinodermata) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. IN: The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I: Structure and Communities. (eds.) Klaus Rützler, and Ian G. Macintyre, 413-16. 539pp. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Macurda Jr., Donald Bradford. 1973. Ecology of comatulid crinoids at Grand Bahama Island. Hydro-Lab Journal 2, no. 1: 9-24.

McPherson, B. F. 1968. Contributions to the biology of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science 18, no. 2: 400-443.

———. 1969. Studies on the biology of the tropical sea urchins, Echinometra lucunter and Echinometra viridis. Bulletin of Marine Science 19, no. 1: 194-213.

Meyer, David L., Charles G. Messing, and Donald B. Jr. Macurda. 1978. Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science 28, no. 3: 412-41.

Miller, John E., and David L. Pawson. 1979. A new subspecies of Holothuria lentiginosa Marenzeller from the western Atlantic Ocean (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91, no. 4: 912-22.

Millott, Norman. 1954. Sensitivity to light and the reactions to changes in light intensity of the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B (Biological Sciences) 298, no. 655: 187-220.

———. 1975. The photosensitivity of echinoids. Advances in Marine Biology, no. 13: 1-52.

Mooi, Rich. 1990. Living cassiduloids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a key and annotated list. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103, no. 1: 63-85.

Mosher, Carol. 1982. Spawning behavior of the aspidochirote holothurian Holothuria mexicana Ludwig. IN: Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed John M. Lawrence, 467-68Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.

Muñoz de V., M. G., and J. Ellies. 1982. The effect of ferrous sulfate and sodium hypochlorite on fertilization and development of Echinometra lucunter. IN: Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed John M. Lawrence, 525-27Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.

Ogden, John C., Richard A. Brown, and Norman Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs. Science 182, no. 4113: 715-17.

Parslow, Rosemary E., and Ailsa M. Clark. 1963. Ophiuroidea of the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao 15: 24-50.

Patton, Wendell K., Rayna J. Patton, and Amy Barnes. 1985. On the biology of Gnathophylloides mineri, a shrimp inhabiting the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus. Journal of Crustacean Biology 5, no. 4: 616-26.

Pawson, David L., and Cynthia A. Gust. 1981. Holothuria (Platyperoa) rowei, a new sea cucumber from Florida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94, no. 3: 873-77.

Pawson, David L., and John E. Miller. 1979. Secondary sex characters in Coelopleurus floridanus A. Agassiz, 1872 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 29, no. 4: 581-86.

———. 1981. Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the genus Thyone with description of two new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94, no. 2: 391-403.

Phelan, Thomas F. 1970. A field guide to the cidaroid echinoids of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 40: 1-67.

Pourtales, L. F. de. 1869. List of the crinoids obtained on the coasts of Florida and Cuba, by the United States Coast Survey Gulf Stream Expeditions, in 1867, 1868, 1869. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 1, no. 11: 355-58.

Rathbun, Richard. 1879. A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 5, no. 3: 139-58.

Rodriguez, Aida M. de. 1969. Contribucion al conocimiento de la familia Brissidae (Echinoidea: Spatangoidea) en Venezuela. Boletin Del Instituto Oceanografico De La Universidad De Oriente 8, no. 1/2: 57-63.

———. 1973. Contribucion al estudio de los holothuroideos de Venezuela. Boletin Del Instituto Oceanografico Universidad De Oriente 12, no. 1: 41-50.

Rosenberg, V. A., and R. P. Wain. 1982. Isozyme variation and genetic differentiation in the decorator sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816). IN: Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed John M. Lawrence, 193-97Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.

Serafy, Donald K. 1970. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 58. A new species of Clypeaster from the Gulf and Caribbean and a key to the species in the tropical north-western Atlantic (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 3: 662-77.

———. 1971. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 83. A redescription of Clypeaster pallidus H. L. Clark, 1914, and a description of juveniles of C. rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Echinodermata; Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 21, no. 3: 779-86.

Sloan, N. A., and B. von Bodungen. 1980. Distribution and feeding of the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus in relation to shelter and sediment criteria of the Bermuda Platform. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2: 257-64.

Solís-Marín, Francisco A., Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras, and Antonio Leija-Tristán. 1997. Morphology, systematics, and distribution of Meoma ventricosa grandis and M. ventricosa ventricosa (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Brissidae) along Mexican coasts. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110, no. 2: 301-9.

Suarez, Ana M. 1974. Lista de equinodermos Cubanos recientes. Investigaciones Marinas 8, no. 6: 1-72.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1960. A note on the feeding habits of the West Indian sea star Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus). Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 23, no. 2: 167-68.

———. 1961. Distribution and salinity tolerance in the amphiurid brittlestar, Ophiophragmus filograneus (Lyman, 1875). Bulletin of Marine Science 11, no. 1: 158-60.

———. 1963. A redescription of the amphiurid brittlestar Ophiocnida cubana A. H. Clark, 1917. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 76: 217-22.

———. 1964. Amphiodia atra (Stimpson) and Ophionema intricata Lutken, additions to the shallow water amphiurid brittlestar fauna of Florida (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 14, no. 1: 158-67.

———. 1966. A revision of the tropical American species of Amphipholis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 16, no. 4: 827-33.

———. 1967. The systematic position of Amphilimna (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 80: 123-30.

———. 1975. The systematic relationships of Ophioplocus, Ophioceramis, and Ophioceres (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 25, no. 2: 232-47.

Tommasi, L. R. 1966. Lista dos equinóides recentes do Brasil. Contribuiçoes Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, no. 11: 1-50.

———. 1967. Sôbre dois Amphiuridae da fauna marinha do sul do Brasil. Contribuiçoes Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, no. 12: 1-5.

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1969. Nova contribuiçao à lista dos crinóides recentes do Brasil. Contribuiçaos Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidad Do Sao Paulo, no. 17: 1-8.

———. 1971. Equinodermes da regiao entre O Amapa (Brasil) e A Florida (E.U.A.). I. Crinoidea. Contribuicoes Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade De Sao Paulo, Seria Oceanografia Biologica, no. 23: 1-6.

Turner, Richard L., and David B. Campbell. 1981. A redescription of Echinaster modestus Parrier, 1881 (Asteroidea: Spinulosida) from the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94, no. 2: 344-51.

Verrill, Addison Emory. 1899. Report on the Ophiuroidea collected by the Bahama Expedition in 1893. Bulletin From the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa 5, no. 1: 1-86.

———. 1900. Additions to the Echinoderms of the Bermudas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10, no. 2(16): 583-87.

Asteroids

Brito, Ignacio Machado. 1960. Clypeastroides do Rio de Janeiro. Avulso De Centro De Estudos Zoológicos, Universidade Do Brasil Faculdade Nacional De Filosofia, no. 3: 1-10.

Brito, Ignacio Machado. 1960. Os Equinoides regulares do litoral do Rio de Janeiro. Avulsos Do Centro De Estudos Zoológicos, Universidade Do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional De Filosofia, no. 4: 1-8.

Chesher, Richard H. 1972. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 86. A new Paraster (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) from the Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 22, no. 1: 10-25.

Clark, Austin H. 1917. Four new echinoderms from the West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30: 63-70.

Clark, Austin H. 1934. A new starfish from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 14: 1-3.

Clark, Austin H. 1938. A new genus of starfishes from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 29: 1-7.

Clark, Austin H. 1939. Echinoderms of the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937, with other West Indian records. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3056: 441-56.

Clark, Austin H. 1940. The family Antedonidae in the West Tropical Atlantic. Memorias De La Sociedad Cubana De Historia Natural 14, no. 2: 139-60.

Clark, Austin H. 1954. Echinoderms (other than Holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 55, no. 89: 373-79.

Clark, Hubert L. 1901. The Echinoderms of Porto Rico. U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1900 1900, no. 2: 231-63.

Clark, Hubert L. 1907. The Cidaridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 51, no. 7: 165-230.

Clark, Hubert L. 1911. The genera of recent clypeastroids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Series 8 7: 593-605.

Clark, Hubert L. 1942. The echinoderm fauna of Bermuda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 89, no. 8: 367-91.

Downey, Maureen E. 1973. Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 126: 1-158.

Downey, Maureen E. 1986. Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of a new genus and Family. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 435: 1-57.

Halpern, Jerald A. 1970. Biological investigations of the deep sea. 51. Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the Straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 1: 193-286.

Halpern, Jerald A. 1970. Growth rate of the tropical sea star Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 3: 626-33.

Hendler, Gordon. 1991. Stars of the Florida Keys. Terra 30, no. 2: 26-33.

Jackson, Robert T. 1919. Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Bulletin Of the United States National Museum 103, no. 5: 103-16.

Rathbun, Richard. 1879. A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 5, no. 3: 139-58.

Suarez, Ana M. 1974. Lista de equinodermos Cubanos recientes. Investigaciones Marinas 8, no. 6: 1-72.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1960. A note on the feeding habits of the West Indian sea star Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus). Quarterly

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1971. Equinodermes da regiao entre O Amapa (Brasil) e A Florida (E.U.A.). I. Crinoidea. Contribuicoes Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade De Sao Paulo, Seria Oceanografia Biologica, no. 23: 1-6.

Verrill, Addison Emory. 1900. Additions to the Echinoderms of the Bermudas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10, no. 2(16): 583-87.

Echinoids

Biggar, Ruth Ball. 1932. Studies on ciliates from Bermuda sea urchins. Journal of Parasitology 18, no. 4: 252-57.

Brito, Ignacio Machado. 1960. Clypeastroides do Rio de Janeiro. Avulso De Centro De Estudos Zoológicos, Universidade Do Brasil Faculdade Nacional De Filosofia, no. 3: 1-10.

Brito, Ignacio Machado. 1960. Os Equinoides regulares do litoral do Rio de Janeiro. Avulsos Do Centro De Estudos Zoológicos, Universidade Do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional De Filosofia, no. 4: 1-8.

Brooks, Matilda M. 1954. The effects of changes of redox potential on the growth of marine eggs, Paracentrotus lividus. Vie Et Milieu 5, no. 2: 296-97.

Chesher, Richard H. 1969. Contributions to the biology of Meoma ventricosa (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Bulletin of Marine Science 19, no. 1: 72-110.

Chesher, Richard H. 1970. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 68. Evolution in the genus Meoma (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) and a description of a new species from Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 20, no. 3: 731-61.

Clark, Austin H. 1917. Four new echinoderms from the West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30: 63-70.

Clark, Austin H. 1939. Echinoderms of the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937, with other West Indian records. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3056: 441-56.

Clark, Austin H. 1940. The family Antedonidae in the West Tropical Atlantic. Memorias De La Sociedad Cubana De Historia Natural 14, no. 2: 139-60.

Clark, Austin H. 1954. Echinoderms (other than Holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 55, no. 89: 373-79.

Clark, Hubert L. 1901. The Echinoderms of Porto Rico. U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1900 1900, no. 2: 231-63.

Clark, Hubert L. 1907. The apodous holothurians: a monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae (including a report on the representatives of these families in the collections of the United States National Museum). Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 35, no. 1723: 1-231.

Clark, Hubert L. 1907. The Cidaridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 51, no. 7: 165-230.

Clark, Hubert L. 1911. The genera of recent clypeastroids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Series 8 7: 593-605.

Clark, Hubert L. 1942. The echinoderm fauna of Bermuda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 89, no. 8: 367-91.

Deichmann, Elisabeth. 1936. Notes on Pennatulacea and Holothurioidea collected by the First and Second Bingham Oceanographic Expeditions 1925-1926. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 5, no. 3: 1-11.

Guthrie, Mary J., and Hope Hibbard. 1919. Cleavage and mesenchyme formation in Toxopneustes variegatus. Biological Bulletin 37, no. 3: 139-56.

Hughes, Roger N., and Helen P. I. Hughes. 1971. A study of the gastropod Cassis tuberosa (L.) preying upon sea urchins. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 7: 305-14.

Jackson, Robert T. 1919. Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Bulletin Of the United States National Museum 103, no. 5: 103-16.

Kier, Porter M. 1966. Bredin-Archibold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica. 1. The echinoids of Dominica. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 121, no. 3577: 1-10.

Kier, Porter M. 1975. The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 206: 1-45.

Lawrence, John M. 1970. The effect of starvation on the lipid and carbohydrate levels of the gut of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). Pacific Science 24, no. 4: 487-89.

Lewis, John B. 1966. Growth and breeding in the tropical echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi. Bulletin of Marine Science 16, no. 1: 151-58.

McPherson, B. F. 1968. Contributions to the biology of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science 18, no. 2: 400-443.

McPherson, B. F. 1969. Studies on the biology of the tropical sea urchins, Echinometra lucunter and Echinometra viridis. Bulletin of Marine Science 19, no. 1: 194-213.

Millott, Norman. 1975. The photosensitivity of echinoids. Advances in Marine Biology, no. 13: 1-52.

Mooi, Rich. 1990. Living cassiduloids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a key and annotated list. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103, no. 1: 63-85.

Ogden, John C., Richard A. Brown, and Norman Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs. Science 182, no. 4113: 715-17.

Pawson, David L., and John E. Miller. 1979. Secondary sex characters in Coelopleurus floridanus A. Agassiz, 1872 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 29, no. 4: 581-86.

Phelan, Thomas F. 1970. A field guide to the cidaroid echinoids of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 40: 1-67.

Rathbun, Richard. 1879. A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 5, no. 3: 139-58.

Serafy, Donald K. 1971. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 83. A redescription of Clypeaster pallidus H. L. Clark, 1914, and a description of juveniles of C. rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Echinodermata; Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 21, no. 3: 779-86.

Suarez, Ana M. 1974. Lista de equinodermos Cubanos recientes. Investigaciones Marinas 8, no. 6: 1-72.

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1966. Lista dos equinóides recentes do Brasil. Contribuiçoes Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, no. 11: 1-50.

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1967. Sôbre dois Amphiuridae da fauna marinha do sul do Brasil. Contribuiçaos Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidad Do Sao Paulo, no. 12: 1-5.

Verrill, Addison Emory. 1900. Additions to the Echinoderms of the Bermudas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10, no. 2(16): 583-87.

Ophiuroids

Aronson, Richard B., and Craig A. Harms. 1985. Ophiuroids in a Bahamian saltwater lake: the ecology of a Paleozoic-like community. Ecology 66, no. 5: 1472-83.

Clark, Austin H. 1917. Four new echinoderms from the West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30: 63-70.

Clark, Austin H. 1934. A new genus of brittlestars from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 13: 1-3.

Clark, Austin H. 1936. Four new brittlestars from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 91, no. 24: 1-8.

Clark, Austin H. 1939. Echinoderms of the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937, with other West Indian records. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3056: 441-56.

Clark, Austin H. 1940. The family Antedonidae in the West Tropical Atlantic. Memorias De La Sociedad Cubana De Historia Natural 14, no. 2: 139-60.

Clark, Austin H. 1954. Echinoderms (other than Holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 55, no. 89: 373-79.

Clark, Hubert L. 1901. The Echinoderms of Porto Rico. U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1900 1900, no. 2: 231-63.

Clark, Hubert L. 1907. The Cidaridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 51, no. 7: 165-230.

Clark, Hubert L. 1910. A new ophiuran from the West Indies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37, no. 1724: 665-66.

Clark, Hubert L. 1915. Catalogue of recent ophiurans: based on the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 25, no. 4: 165-376.

Clark, Hubert L. 1939. Two new ophiurans from the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3054: 415-18.

Clark, Hubert L. 1942. The echinoderm fauna of Bermuda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 89, no. 8: 367-91.

Hendler, Gordon. 1979. Sex-reversal and viviparity in Ophiolepis kieri, n. sp., with notes on viviparous brittlestars from the Caribbean (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92, no. 4: 783-95.

Hendler, Gordon, and Paul A. Tyler. 1986. The reproductive cycle of Ophioderma brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Marine Ecology 7, no. 2: 115-22.

Jackson, Robert T. 1919. Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Bulletin Of the United States National Museum 103, no. 5: 103-16.

Koehler, René. 1914. A contribution to the study of ophiurans of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, no. 84: 1-173.

Parslow, Rosemary E., and Ailsa M. Clark. 1963. Ophiuroidea of the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao 15: 24-50.

Rathbun, Richard. 1879. A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 5, no. 3: 139-58.

Suarez, Ana M. 1974. Lista de equinodermos Cubanos recientes. Investigaciones Marinas 8, no. 6: 1-72.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1961. Distribution and salinity tolerance in the amphiurid brittlestar, Ophiophragmus filograneus (Lyman, 1875). Bulletin of Marine Science 11, no. 1: 158-60.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1963. A redescription of the amphiurid brittlestar Ophiocnida cubana A. H. Clark, 1917. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 76: 217-22.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1964. Amphiodia atra (Stimpson) and Ophionema intricata Lutken, additions to the shallow water amphiurid brittlestar fauna of Florida (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 14, no. 1: 158-67.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1966. A revision of the tropical American species of Amphipholis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 16, no. 4: 827-33.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1967. The systematic position of Amphilimna (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 80: 123-30.

Thomas, Lowell P. 1975. The systematic relationships of Ophioplocus, Ophioceramis, and Ophioceres (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 25, no. 2: 232-47.

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1966. Lista dos equinóides recentes do Brasil. Contribuiçoes Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, no. 11: 1-50.

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1967. Sôbre dois Amphiuridae da fauna marinha do sul do Brasil. Contribuiçaos Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidad Do Sao Paulo, no. 12: 1-5.

Verrill, Addison Emory. 1899. Report on the Ophiuroidea collected by the Bahama Expedition in 1893. Bulletin From the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa 5, no. 1: 1-86.

Verrill, Addison Emory. 1900. Additions to the Echinoderms of the Bermudas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10, no. 2(16): 583-87.

Crinoids

Carpenter, P. Herbert. 1882. Reports...dredging,...in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea... 'Blake'...XVIII. - The stalked crinoids of the Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 10, no. 4: 165-81.

Clark, Austin H. 1908. New stalked crinoids from the eastern coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 34, no. 1607: 205-8.

Clark, Austin H. 1917. Four new echinoderms from the West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30: 63-70.

Clark, Austin H. 1939. Echinoderms of the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedition, 1937, with other West Indian records. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, no. 3056: 441-56.

Clark, Austin H. 1940. The family Antedonidae in the West Tropical Atlantic. Memorias De La Sociedad Cubana De Historia Natural 14, no. 2: 139-60.

Clark, Austin H. 1954. Echinoderms (other than Holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 55, no. 89: 373-79.

Clark, Hubert L. 1901. The Echinoderms of Porto Rico. U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1900 1900, no. 2: 231-63.

Clark, Hubert L. 1907. The Cidaridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 51, no. 7: 165-230.

Clark, Hubert L. 1942. The echinoderm fauna of Bermuda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College

Jackson, Robert T. 1919. Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Bulletin of the United States National

Meyer, David L., Charles G. Messing, and Donald B. Jr. Macurda. 1978. Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science 28, no. 3: 412-41.

Phelan, Thomas F. 1970. A field guide to the cidaroid echinoids of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 40: 1-67.

Rathbun, Richard. 1879. A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 5, no. 3: 139-58.

Suarez, Ana M. 1974. Lista de equinodermos Cubanos recientes. Investigaciones Marinas 8, no. 6: 1-72.

Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. 1969. Nova contribuiçao à lista dos crinóides recentes do Brasil. Contribuiçaos Avulsas Do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidad Do Sao Paulo, no. 17: 1-8.

Verrill, Addison Emory. 1900. Additions to the Echinoderms of the Bermudas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10, no. 2(16): 583-87.

Holothuroids